Environmental impacts in sport megaevents hosted by BRICS countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30937/2526-6314.v1n2.id14Keywords:
BRICS, Sport Megaevents, Environmental ImpactsAbstract
Due to the importance that sporting mega-events have gained in the world in recent years, a greater focus has been given to the environmental issue. In view of the recent sporting events that took place in BRICS countries, this qualitative and exploratory study aimed to identify and analyze, from documentary sources, the environmental impacts of sporting events in these countries. The host countries have created prevention measures and mitigation actions, but environmental protection and defense organizations are critical in pointing out the negative points. Beijing 2008 has shown concern about air quality; Delhi 2010 focused attention on energy efficiency, however, with cases of degradation of biodiversity. South Africa 2010 has set an ambitious target for reducing the carbon footprint; Sochi 2014 has developed sustainable facilities, but with the incidence of cases of biodiversity devastation. Brazil 2014 was considered the most polluting Cup in history, but presented good sustainable action strategies. The study shows that the environmental aspect can not be overlooked in the planning of these events. Knowledge of the impacts at these venues is of the utmost importance so that future event organizers can think and plan how best to invest their efforts.
Downloads
References
O’Neill J. Building Better Global Economic BRICs. Goldman Sachs 2001 Nov, n. 66.
Wu T. China, BRICs & the Environment. The Diplomat. 2011 Nov 07. Disponível em: http://thediplomat.com/2011/11/china-brics-and-the-environment/ [2016 jul 4].
Wheeland M. The BRIC nations' response to climate change is critical to the fate of the planet. The Guardian 2015 maio 04. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/may/04/brazil-china-russia-india-climate-change-labor-economy-sustainability [2016 jul 4].
Braathen E, Sørbøe CM, Mascarenhas G. BRICS, megaeventos esportivos e o Rio de Janeiro como “cidade de exceção”. Tensões mund., Fortaleza 2014. 10 (18, 19): 327- 362.
Almeida BS, Marchi Júnior W. O Brasil e os Megaeventos esportivos: os subsídios da política externa. Motrivivência. 2014; 26(42): 13-26.
Cashman R. Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities: university lecture on the Olympics. Centre d’Estudis Olímpics (UAB). Barcelona; 2002.
Malfas M, Theodoraki E, Houlihan B. Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Institution of Civil Engineers. Municipal Enginer. 2004: 209-220.
Preuss H, Solberg HA. Attracting Major Sporting Events:The Role of Local Residents. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2006; 6(4).
Tavares O. Megaeventos Esportivos. Movimento. 2011; 17(3): 11-35.
King E. BRICs group to expand environmental cooperation. [documento na internet]. Climate Home 2015 maio 24. Disponível em: http://www.climatechangenews.com/2015/04/24/brics-group-to-expand-environmental-cooperation/ [2016 jul 4].
Fredline E, Faulkner B. Host Comunity Reactions. A Cluster Analysis. Annals of Tourism Research. Elsevier Science. 2000; 27(3):76-784.
Vergara SC. Projetos e Relatórios de Pesquisa em Administração. São Paulo: Atlas; 2006.
Gil AC. Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa social. São Paulo: Atlas; 2006.
Li M, Pitts BG, Quarterman J. Research Methods in Sport Management. Pennsylvania: Fitness Information Technology; 2008.
Stevens R, Loudon D, Wrenn B, Cole H. Concise encyclopedia of church and religion organization marketing. Nova York: Routledge; 2012.
Bodet GSP, Lacassagne M. International place branding through sporting events: a British perspective of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2012; 12(4): 357 – 374.
COI. Final Report of the IOC Coordination Commission. Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008. Lausanne; 2010.
Matias M. Os efeitos dos megaeventos esportivos nas cidades. Turismo & Sociedade. 2008; 1(2): 175-198.
UNEP. Independent Environmental Assessment – Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. [documento na internet]. United Nations Environment Programme. 2012. Disponível em: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/7882. [2017 abr 10].
Huijuan C, Fujii H, Managi M. Environmental Impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Kiel Institute for the World Economy 2013 maio 8; p. 30.
África do Sul. Environmental Affairs and Tourism. Feasibility study for a carbono neutral 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Estocolmo: Econ Pöyry; 2009.
Death C. Summit theatre: exemplary governmentality and environmental diplomacy in Johannesburg and Copenhagen. Environmental Politics. 2011; 20(1): 1–19.
UNEP. South Africa 2010 Report. United Nations Environment Programme; 2012.
África do Sul. 2010 FIFA World Cup Country Report”. [documento na internet]. 2010. Disponível em: http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/SRSACountryReport2013-withcover_a.pdf. [2017 abr 10].
Smith D. Football to footprints: World Cup's carbon impact. [documento na internet]. Johannesburg: The Guardian 2009 Nov 27. Disponível em: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/27/football-world-cup-carbon-footprint. [2015 set 10].
Plantive C. World Cup will be more grey than green. [documento na internet]. Johannesburg: The Telegraph 2010 mar 2. Disponível em: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7351112/World-Cup-will-be-more-grey-than-green.html. [2015 set 10].
Estrada D. World Cup 2010: Climate change fouls and goals. [documento na internet]. The Guardian 2010 Jun 3. Disponível em: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/03/climate-change-world-cup [2015 set 10].
Delhi 2010. Organizing Committee Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi announces its Green Games Strategy. [documento na internet]. 2009 jun 4. Disponível em: http://d2010.thecgf.com/organising_committee_commonwealth_games_2010_delhi_announces_its_green_games_strategy. [2015 out 20].
Delhi (National Capital Territory). Department of Environment and Forests. State of Environment Report for Delhi, 2010. Delhi: Secretariado; 2010.
UNEP. The 2010 Commonwealth Games Go Green. [documento na internet]. United Nations Environment Programme 2010 fev 17. Disponível em: http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?DocumentID=612&ArticleID=6463&l=en&t=long [2015 set 15].
Delhi 2010. Delhi 2010 Post Game Report. [documento na internet]. Organizing Committee Commonwealth Games 2010. Delhi. (20--). Disponível em: https://www.thecgf.com/games/2010/D2010-Post-Games-Report.pdf [2015 set 10].
Housing and Land Rights Network. The 2010 Commonwealth Games: Whose Wealth? Whose Commons? [documento na internet]. New Delhi. Housing and Land Rights Network South Asia Regional Programme Habitat International Coalition. Disponível em: http://www.habitants.org/news/inhabitants_of_asia/the_2010_commonwealth_games_whose_wealth_whose_commons. [2015 set 13].
Li M, Macintosh EW, Bravo GA. International Sport Management. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics;. 2012.
Hance J. The true cost of the Commonwealth Games. [documento na internet]. The Mongabay 2010 set 30. Disponível em: https://news.mongabay.com/2010/09/the-true-cost-of-the-commonwealth-games/. [2015 set 29].
COI. Factsheet Sochi 2014 Facts & Figures. [documento na internet]. Lausanne; 2015. Disponível em: https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Games/Winter-Games/Games-Sochi-2014-Winter-Olympic-Games/Facts-and-Figures/Factsheet-Facts-and-Figures-Sochi-2014.pdf. [2015 out 2].
UNEP. Green Olympics in Sochi. United Nations Environment Programme; 2015. Disponível em: http://www.unep.org/roe/GreenOlympicsinSochi/tabid/54610/Default.aspx#horizontalTab7 [2015 set 10].
Saint A. Sochi 2014 - infrastructure award and environmental disaster. [documento na internet]. Engineering and Technology; 2014. Disponível em: https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2014/02/sochi-2014-infrastructure-award-and-environmental-disaster/. [2015 set 11].
The conversation. Sochi Olympics have left a trail of environmental destruction. [documento na internet]. The Conversation 2014 fev 14. Disponível em: https://theconversation.com/sochi-olympics-have-left-a-trail-of-environmental-destruction-23112. [2015 set 11].
Paramaguru K. The Not So Sustainable Sochi Winter Olympics. [documento na internet]. Time 2014 jan 30. Disponível em: http://time.com/2828/sochi-winter-olympics-environmental-damage/. [2015 set 11].
FIFA. Sustainability Report 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ™. Zurique; 2014. Disponível em: https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/afsocial/general/02/50/92/69/sustainabilityreportofthe2014fwc_neutral.pdf. [2015 out 27].
FIFA. Summary of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil™ Carbon Footprint. [documento na internet]. Zurique; 2013. Disponível em: https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/afsocial/environment/02/83/51/50/summaryofthe2014fwccarbonfootprint_neutral.pdf. [2015 out 27].
Foster JM. 2014 World Cup To Nearly Double Carbon Emissions Over 2010. [documento na internet]. Think Progress 2013 dez 10. Disponível em: http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/12/10/3045221/world-cup-carbon-emissions/. [2015 set 15].
Stokes M. Copa do Mundo de 2014: a mais poluidora da história. [documento na internet]. El País 2014 jul 14. Disponível em: http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/07/11/sociedad/1405112495_387486.html. [2015 set 16].
Exame.com. Copa mais poluente da história foi também a mais sustentável, diz ministra. [documento na internet]. Exame.com 2014 jul 10. Disponível em: http://exame.abril.com.br/tecnologia/noticias/copa-mais-poluente-da-historia-foi-tambem-a-mais-sustentavel-diz-ministra [2015 set 15].
United Nations Environment. Conheça as Jornadas da Sustentabilidade da campanha Passaporte Verde. [documento na internet]. 2014. United Nations Environment. Disponível em: http://web.unep.org/conhe%C3%A7a-jornadas-da-sustentabilidade-da-campanha-passaporte-verde. [2017 mar 20].
Spanne A. Greening the World Cup. [documento na internet]. The Daily Climate 2014 jun 19. Disponível em: http://www.dailyclimate.org/tdc-newsroom/2014/06/green-world-cup-brazil. [2015 set 16].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The authors authorize others to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Remix, transform, and create from the material. You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
