WFC Qatar 2022: activismo de los futbolistas, derechos humanos y reflexiones sobre los hechos ocurridos durante la premiación final
Palabras clave:
WFC, Catar 2022, deporte, activismo, ceremonialResumen
Con la vista puesta en la normativa deportiva aplicable y teniendo en cuenta lo escrito en dos artículos anteriores del mismo autor, algunos eventos concretos que tuvieron lugar con motivo de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA, celebrada en Qatar del 20 de noviembre al 18 de diciembre de 2022, será examinado. Se discutirá la eficacia y efectividad de las reglas que rigen la capacidad de los atletas para expresarse en el campo de juego y el respeto por el ceremonial en el podio a los efectos de las intenciones estratégicas de dejar un legado social positivo en el país anfitrión y para todos los aficionados. Se concluirá que siguen produciéndose actitudes controvertidas e incluso divisorias, incluso con buenas intenciones y en formas creativas a veces acordes con la normativa, que pueden modificar la eficacia de los eventos en la promoción de la amistad, el respeto a la diversidad de culturas y puntos de vista. Por un lado, las reglas protegen las legítimas prerrogativas de los propietarios de eventos, relevados de responsabilidades que no pueden tener. Por otro lado, se da cabida a la creatividad de los activistas, evitando que sus expectativas queden completamente sofocadas y que haya restricciones innecesarias a su comportamiento. Existe un equilibrio dinámico que, aún con opiniones encontradas, no ha impedido hasta ahora seguir reuniendo al mundo entero a través de la pasión unificadora que despiertan los eventos deportivos.
Descargas
Citas
Grassi D. Olympic Rule 50 and political neutrality: is it time for a turning point? Olimpianos - Journal of olympic studies Olimpianos. 2022;6(1):188-214. doi: 10.30937/2526-6314.v6.id160
IFAB. Law 4 The Players’ equipment [cited 2023 jan 07]. Available frrom: https://www.theifab.com/laws/latest/the-players-equipment/#offences-and-sanctions.
Wintour P. Fears grow Iran players may face reprisals for not singing national anthem [cited 2022 dec 17]. 2022. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/22/fears-grow-iran-players-may-face-reprisals-for-not-singing-national-anthem-world-cup-2022-qatar#:~:text=The%20football%20team%20stayed%20silent,in%20police%20custody%20in%20September
Kiley S. Iran threatened families of national soccer team, according to security source [cited 2022 dec 17]. 2022. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/28/football/iran-soccer-family-threats-intl-spt/index.html.
Debre I. Iranian World Cup team refuses to sing national anthem amid protests at home [cited 2023 jan 07] 2022. Available from: https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/world-cup/300745377/iranian-world-cup-team-refuses-to-sing-national-anthem-amid-protests-at-home.
Toi Staff. Iran team sings anthem at World Cup after previously staying silent amid protests [cited 2023 jan 07]. 2023. Available from: https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-team-sings-anthem-at-world-cup-after-previously-staying-silent-amid-protests/.
Grassi D. Olympic sport does not ban Russian and Belarusian athletes (although there may be signs of change), Olimpianos - Journal of Olympic Studies. 2021;6(1):60-92. doi: 10.30937/2526-6314.v6.id154.
Dittmore S, Kim K. Nationalistic media obsession with Olympic medal counts: the case of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 2022:4:848071. doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.848071.
Cerullo I. What does kneeling stand for? [cited 2022 dec 27]. 2020. Available from: https://www.isadoracerullo.com/home/2017/10/8/what-does-kneeling-stand-for.
Grierson B. Athlete protests, “Rule 50” and China’s collision course with the Beijing Olympics [cited 2022 apr 19]. 2021. Available from: https://kpe.utoronto.ca/faculty-news/athlete-protests-rule-50-and-chinas-collision-course-beijing-olympics.
Panja T, Draper K. U.S. says FIFA officials were bribed to award World Cups to Russia and Qatar [cited 2023 jan 10. 2020. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/sports/soccer/qatar-and-russia-bribery-world-cup-fifa.html.
Qatar2022.qa. Sustainability has been at the heart of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 from the very start [cited 2023 jan 10. Available from: https://www.qatar2022.qa/en/sustainability.
Boykoff J. The World Cup In Qatar is a climate catastrophe [cited 2023 january 10]. 2022. Available from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-world-cup-in-qatar-is-a-climate-catastrophe/.
Sullivan B. Why Qatar is a controversial host for the World Cup [cited 2023 jan 10]. 2022. Available from: https://www.npr.org/2022/11/18/1137204271/qatar-world-cup-controversies.
HRW. Qatar: rights abuses stain FIFA World Cup [cited 2022 dec 17]. 2022. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/11/14/qatar-rights-abuses-stain-fifa-world-cup.
Aljazeera. Qatar rejects Amnesty report on ‘unexplained’ labourer deaths [cited 2022 dec 17. 2021. Available from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/26/qatar-rejects-amnesty-report-on-unexplained-labourer-deaths.
Human Rights Watch. Human Rights guide for reporters 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar [cited 2022 dec 17]. 2022. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2022/11/202211mena_qatar_worldcup_reportersguide_2.pdf.
Walter JD, Ford M. Human Rights Qatar - fact check: how many people died for the Qatar World Cup? [cited 2022 dec 21]. 2022. Available from: https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-how-many-people-have-died-for-the-qatar-world-cup/a-63763713.
ILO. Occupational safety and health - ILO publishes report on work-related deaths and injuries in Qatar [cited 2022 dec 21]. 2022. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_828399/lang--en/index.htm.
Pradhan B, Kjellstrom T, Atar D, Sharma P, Kayastha B, Bhandari G, Pradhan, PK. Heat stress impacts on cardiac mortality in nepali migrant workers in Qatar. Cardiology. 2022:143(1):37-48. doi:10.1159/000500853.
Mednicoff D. The World Cup puts the spotlight on Qatar, but also brings attention to its human rights record and politics – 4 things to know [cited 2022 dec 21]. 2022. Available from: https://theconversation.com/the-world-cup-puts-the-spotlight-on-qatar-but-also-brings-attention-to-its-human-rights-record-and-politics-4-things-to-know-194970.
FIFA. Update from FIFA of the recommendations of the FIFA human rights advisory board. 2018. Available from: https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/ot4pzfavdz5vjxbopxzq.pdf
IOC. IF sustainability project FIFA World Cupr 2022 sustainability strategy. Lausanne: IOC; 2020.
Griesbach JW. Summer Olympic Games hosting infrastructure requirements: still too big for most of the world? [tesis]. University of Peloponnese. Sparta: University of Peloponnese; 2021.
IOC. IOC sustainability strategy moving forward. Lausanne: IOC; 2019.
Grassi D. Boycotts of Moscow 1980 & Los Angeles 1984: two different approaches - Same result. Short essay. 2021. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.20182.73283.
Grassi D. Levaraging mega events. Olimpianos - Journal of Olympic Studies. 2023;7:43-52. doi: 10.30937/2526-6314.v7.id17.
Mallinder L, Slye R. Rethinking peace and justice. Barcelona: Institute For Integrate transition; 2019. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351451212.
IHL. Practice relating to Rule 104. Respect for convictions and religious practices [cited 2023 jan 08]. 2023. Available from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v2/rule104.
FIFA. FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 - Development of the sustainability strategy. Lausanne: FIFA; 2020.
O’Rourke A, Theodoraki E. The FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 sustainability strategy: human rights governance in the tripartite network. Frontiers in sports and active living. 2022:4:809984. doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.809984.
IOC. The unifying power of the Olympic Games to bring the world together in peaceful competition [cited 2023 jan 07]. 2022. Available from: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/the-unifying-power-of-the-olympic-games-to-bring-the-world-together-in-peaceful-competition.
Grohmann K. Germany players cover mouths in team photo amid armband row [cited 2022 dec 17]. 2022. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/germany-players-cover-mouths-team-photo-amid-armband-row-2022-11-23/.
Guy E. The human rights highlighted by the Football World Cup [cited 2023 jan 08]. 2023. 2022. Available from: https://eachother.org.uk/the-human-rights-highlighted-by-the-football-world-cup/.
IOC. Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC; 2021.
Wintour P. Germany agrees 15-year liquid gas supply deal with Qatar [cited 2023 jan 11]. 2022. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/29/germany-agrees-15-year-liquid-gas-supply-deal-with-qatar.
Kelly F. Qatar signs agreement allowing NATO use of Al-Udeid Air Base [cited 2023 jan 11]. 2019. Available from: https://www.thedefensepost.com/2018/03/07/nato-agreement-qatar-al-udeid-air-base/
Noble J. Qatar expands football interests after buying stake in Portuguese team [cited 2023 jan 11]. 2022. Available from: https://www.ft.com/: https://www.ft.com/content/c82d8d73-fce9-4d29-ac6e-e5b500029615.
FIFA. FIFA partner with United Nations agencies to run social campaigns during World Cup [cited 2023 jan 11]. 2022. Available form: https://www.fifa.com/social-impact/campaigns/football-unites-the-world/media-releases/fifa-partner-with-united-nations-agencies-to-run-social-campaigns-during.
Decisionlab. Why do we follow the behavior of others? Social Norms [cited 2022 dec 30]. 2022. Available from: https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/social-norms.
Downie A. Brazil’s improbable journey to win the 1970 World Cup [cited 2023 jan 05]. 2022. Available from: https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/brazils-improbable-journey-to-win-the-1970-world-cup/.
Jennings R. Lionel Messi was right to wear this?! [cited 2022 dec 23]. 2022. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tm4ZYKRQGts.
Thehindu.com., FIFA World Cup 2022 - Martinez slammed for Golden Glove celebration Martinez was seen making a gesture after winning the golden glove trophy for the best goalkeeper at the tournament [cited 2023 jan 05]. 2022. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2022-martinez-slammed-for-golden-glove-celebration/article66302527.ece.
Downie A, Araujo G. Soccer star Pele, Brazilian legend of the beautiful game, dies at 82 [cited 2023 jan 2]. 2022. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/brazilian-soccer-legend-pele-dies-82-his-daughter-says-2022-12-29/
FIFA. The final highlights [cited 2023 jan 04]. 2018. Available from: https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/watch/63XwuAOoqYgNW0Q3E9PxJG.
FIFA. More than half the world watched record-breaking 2018 World Cup [cited 2023 jan 05]. 2018. Available from: https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/2018russia/media-releases/more-than-half-the-world-watched-record-breaking-2018-world-cup.
FIFA. Regulations FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. Lausanne: FIFA; 2022. Available from: https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2744a0a5e3ded185/original/FIFA-World-Cup-Qatar-2022-Regulations_EN.pdf
FIFA. Equipment regulations. Lausanne: FIFA; 2022. Available from: https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/7474d3addab97747/original/FIFA-Equipment-Regulations_2021_EN.pdf
Sayegh N. Palestine and the limits of free speech in Germany [cited 2022 dec 28]. 2022. Available from: https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/palestine-and-the-limits-of-free-speech-in-germany-57272.
DFB_Team. Armband or no armband we stand by our position. [cited 2022 dec 28]. 2022. Available from: https://twitter.com/DFB_Team_EN/status/1595405792957562880.
Ntv.de. Vergleich mit Pelés Sombrero - Arabische Welt verwundert über Empörung wegen Messi-Gewand [cited 2022 dec 23]. 2022. Available from: https://www.n-tv.de/sport/fussball-wm/Arabische-Welt-verwundert-ueber-Empoerung-wegen-Messi-Gewand-article23794466.html.
Nordmann T. FIFA und der Emir kapern Messi - Die schmierige Schlusspointe dieser WM [cited 2022 dec 23]. 2022. Available from: https://www.n-tv.de/sport/kommentare/Schmierige-Schlusspointe-der-Fussball-WM-FIFA-missbraucht-Messi-fuer-Symbolpolitik-article23792623.html.
Bedürftig VD, Uersfeld S. Geisterstadien und Arbeiterelend - Jetzt entzieht sich Katar wieder den Scheinwerfern. [cited 2022 dec 23]. 2022. Available from: https://www.n-tv.de/sport/fussball-wm/Nach-der-Fussball-WM-Geisterstadien-Arbeiterelend-Katar-entzieht-sich-wieder-den-Scheinwerfern-article23791922.html.
Uersfeld VS. Ein Spiel, das unzerstörbar ist - Im besten WM-Finale aller Zeiten triumphiert der Fußball [cited 2022 dec 23]. 2022. Available from: https://www.n-tv.de/sport/fussball-wm/Im-besten-WM-Finale-aller-Zeiten-triumphiert-der-Fussball-article23792659.html.
ntv.de. “Eine Schweigeminute” argentinier verspotten unglücklichen Mbappé [cited 2022 dec 23]. 2022. Available from: https://www.n-tv.de/sport/fussball-wm/Argentinier-verspotten-ungluecklichen-Mbappe-article23793270.html.
Aljazeera. Mahsa Amini’s death sparks anger towards Iran’s morality police [cited 2023 jan 07]. 2022. Available from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/23/iran-morality-police-root-cause-iranian-protest-anger-explainer.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Olimpianos - Journal of Olympic Studies
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Los autores autorizan a otros a copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato. Remezcla, transforma y crea a partir del material. No puede utilizar el material con fines comerciales.
