Cenário contemporâneo das mulheres muçulmanas e esporte nos Emirados Árabes: Caminhos para a visão 2021

Resumo

A sociedade global enxergou as mulheres como naturalmente fracas, impotentes e dependentes dos homens durante muitos anos. Historicamente, falsos mitos médicos, tais como o desenvolvimento de corpos masculinos e não femininos, efeitos nocivos sobre o ciclo menstrual e o prejuízo da gravidez de mulheres que participam de atividades esportivas, se espalharam e desencorajaram a participação ativa do gênero feminino em todas as partes do mundo e de maneira bem impactante, nos países do Golfo¹. Neste artigo, utilizou-se a metodologia de Análise de Cenário recomendada por Spaniol e Rowland², que se define como a análise do processo em um cenário futuro considerando outros possíveis resultados da sociedade no presente. A Visão 2021 dos Emirados Ãrabes Unidos (EAU) foi desenvolvida para converter a nação entre os melhores países do mundo em seu Jubileu de Ouro. Esta visão foi utilizada para realizar as análises com os métodos PESTLE, SWOT e CATWOE para complementar a descrição do cenário. A discussão girou em torno do engajamento geral de mulheres representando a comunidade muçulmana no setor esportivo, com grande foco na cena esportiva dos EAU. Além disso, foram discutidas as perspectivas do governo dos Emirados Ãrabes Unidos sobre as mulheres nos esportes e as diferentes estratégias e reformas adotadas pelas autoridades locais para promover a participação das mulheres no esporte. Como conclusão, é possível encontrar uma mudança de comportamento na sociedade contemporânea local que reflete em mais oportunidades no futuro para as mulheres no esporte, ainda que existam muitas barreiras e pré-conceitos.

Referências

1 Myths surrounding gender and sports [Internet]. Kentucky: Northern Kentucky University [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.nku.edu/~lipping/PHE125/ Myths%20Surrounding%20Gender%20and%20S ports.doc.

2 Rowland NJ, Spaniol MJ, Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack’s response. Futures & Foresight Science. 2019; 1(2): 1-3.

3 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Statistic [Internet]. International Olympic Committee; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/women-in-sport/background/statistics.

4 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Promotion of women in sport through time [Internet]. International Olympic Committee (IOC); 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/women-in- sport/background.

5 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Statistics [Internet]. International Olympic Committee; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/women-in-sport/background/statistics.

6 International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Women in Sport Committee [Internet]. International Paralympic Committee (IPC); [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/committees/women-in-sport.

7 Sports: Definition, Etiquette and Ruling [Internet]. Islam Online [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=741.

8 Taplin S. Is islam compatible with women’s sports, fitness and health? [Internet]. HuffPost News; 2012 Oct 22 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-islam-compatible-with-womens- sports-fitness-and-health_b_1790617.

9 Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority. Population of UAE 2017 [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority; 2018 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from http://fcsa.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by- Subject.aspx#/%3Ffolder=Population%20and%20Social/Population/Population%20and% 20Population%20Census/Population&subject=Population%20and%20Social.

10 United Nations Development Programme. Human development indices and indicators: 2018 statistical update [Internet]. United Nations Development Programme [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ARE.pdf

11 Fact Sheet [Internet]. Government.ae; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.government.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet

12 Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs. Women in the United Arab Emirates: A Portrait of progress [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.uae- embassy.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_the_UAE_Eng.pdf

13 Sports and recreation [Internet]. Government.ae; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.government.ae/en/about-the- uae/culture/sports-and-recreation#sports-in-the-uae.

14 Sports and recreation [Internet]. Government.ae; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.government.ae/en/about-the- uae/culture/sports-and-recreation#sports-in-the-uae.

15 National agenda 2021 executive teams [Internet]. UAE Vision 2021; 2018 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.vision2021.ae/en/executive-teams.

16 Pfister G. Islam and women’s sports [Internet]. Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding; 2006 Summer [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from http://apceiu.org/bbs/files/pdf/2006/sangsaeng/060906_ss_p012-p015.pdf.

17 Brems E. The Experiences of Face Veil Wearers in Europe and the Law. UK: Cambridge University Press; 2016.

18 BBC. Hijab [Internet]. BBC; 2009 Sep 3 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/hijab_1.shtml#h4.

19 Vakulenko A. Islamic veiling in legal discourse. London: Routledge; 2013.

20 Islamic Services Foundation. Learning Islam Textbook Level 2. Texas: Islamic Services Foundation; 2011.

21 Fahey L. What are the differences between the burka, niqab and hijab? [Internet]. ABC News; 2016 Jan 14 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-02/what-are-the-differences-between-the-burka,- niqab-and-hijab/5785816.

22 BBC News. Boris Johnson's burka jibe: Why do some Muslim women wear the veil? [Internet]. BBC; 2018 Aug 8 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45112792.

23 Golden Emirati burka, or the secrets of female masks in UAE [Internet]. Russia News Today; 2017 Dec 16 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://chelorg.com/2017/12/16/golden-emirati-burka-or-the-secrets-of-female-masks-in- uae/

24 Fox News. Iranian women's soccer team disqualified from Olympics over headscarves [Internet]. FOX News Network, LLC.; 2011 Jun 7 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.foxnews.com /world/iranian-womens-soccer-team-disqualified-from- olympics-over-headscarves.

25 Tardiff S. International Boxing Association rewrites: Rules for hijabi women to compete [Internet]. Dubai: ITP Digital Media Inc, Harper’s Bazaar Arabia; 2019 Feb 29 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/people/culture/nike-sports-hijab-women-boxers.

26 Wilson J. London 2012 Olympics: first Saudi Arabian female Olympian Wodjan Shaherkani set for maiden competitive judo bout [Internet]. The Telegraph; 2012 Aug 02 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/judo/9447299/London-2012-Olympics-first- Saudi-Arabian-female-Olympian-Wodjan-Shaherkani-set-for-maiden-competitive-judo- bout.html.

27 Giordano C. Decathlon scraps plans for 'running hijab' in France after public backlash [Internet]. The Independent; 2019 Feb 27 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/decathlon-hijab- running-france-muslim-women-a8798936.html.

28 Dress Code [Internet]. Government.ae; 2017 Jan 28 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://government.ae/en/information-and- services/visiting-and-exploring-the-uae/social-responsibility/dress-code-

29 Nasir S. Face jail for dressing inappropriately in public in Dubai [Internet]. Khaleej Times; 2018 Sep 28 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/dressing-inappropriately-in-public-can-land- you-in-jail-in-dubai—

30 Rowland NJ, Spaniol MJ, Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack’s response. Futures & Foresight Science. 2019; 1(2): 1-3.

31 Flick U. Triangulation in data collection. In: The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection. City Road: SAGE Publications; 2019.

32 Mataruna-Dos-Santos LJ, Zardini Filho CE, Milla AC. Youth Olympic Games: Using marketing tools to analyse the reality of GCC countries beyond Agenda 2020, Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. 2019; 14(3proc): S391-S411.

33 Abdul Razak MT, Fauzee O, Sofian M., Abd-Latif R. The Perspective of Arabic Muslim women toward sport participation. Journal of Asia Pacific Studies. 2010; 1(2): 364-377.

34 Rizvi A. Special report: Obesity rate in the UAE double the world average [Internet]. The National; 2015 Feb 18 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/health/special-report-obesity-rate-in-the-uae-double-the- world-average-1.74056.

35 Harvard SA. Meet these 14 incredible Muslim women athletes who won medals at the 2016 Rio Olympics [Internet]. Bustle Digital Group, Mic; 2016 Aug 23 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.mic.com/articles/152257/meet-these- 14-incredible-muslim-women-athletes-who-won-medals-at-the-2016-rio-olympics.

36 Amara M. The Muslim World in the global sporting arena. The Brown Journal of World Affairs. 2008; 14(2): 67-75.

37 Iran set to revive Women's Islamic Games: sports minister [Internet]. Tehran Times; 2018 Apr 23 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/422912/Iran-set-to-revive-Women-s-Islamic-Games- sports-minister.

38 Iran retains AFC Women’s Futsal Championship title [Internet]. Tehran Times. 2018 May 12 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/423475/Iran-retain-AFC-Women-s-Futsal- Championship-title.

39 Iranian fans frustrated by lack of coverage of women’s futsal [Internet]. The Observers; 2018 May 18 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://observers.france24.com/en/20180518-iranian-frustrated-coverage-women-futsal- team.

40 FIFA 16 [Internet]. Electronic Arts Inc.; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.easports.com/fifa/women.

41 Sports and recreation [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Government.ae; 2019 Mar 04 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.government.ae/en/about-the- uae/culture/sports-and-recreation.

42 UAE government launches 3 initiatives to promote wellbeing [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ministry of Cabinet Affairs and The Future; 2019 Nov 27 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.mocaf.gov.ae/en/media/news/uae-government-launches- three-3-to-promote-wellbeing.

43 Ministry of Education announces a brand new Physical and Health Education reform in the UAE [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ministry of Education (AE); 2017 Jan 30 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.moe.gov.ae/En/MediaCenter/News/pages/sport.aspx

44 School Jiu-Jitsu program [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: UAE Jiu Jitsu Federation; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://uaejjf.com/en/Pages/School-Jiu-Jitsu- Program.aspx.

45 The 7th edition of School Olympics Programme [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ministry of Education (AE); 2019 Apr 20 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.moe.gov.ae/En/MediaCenter/News/Pages/schoololympics7.aspx.

46 Dubai World Trade Center L.L.C. High Five [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Dubai World Trade Center L.L.C; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.dubaisportsworld.ae/Pages/News/High-Five.

47 Koora Dome [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Koora Dome; 2018 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from http://www.kooradome.com/.

48 About Dubai Fitness Challenge 2018 [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://dubaifitnesschallenge.com/about.

49 Download Dubai Fitness App [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://dubaifitnesschallenge.com/download-dubai-fitness-app.

50 National Media Council (NMC). UAE Annual Book 2016 [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: National Media Council (NMC) [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from http://nmc.gov.ae/en-us/E- Participation/Lists/Publications/Attachments/1/E-Printing%20English%20Inside.pdf.

51 Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs. Women in the United Arab Emirates: A portrait of progress [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.uae- embassy.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_the_UAE_Eng.pdf.

52 International Conference of Sports For Women 2017 (ICSW) [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ladies Sports Academy; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://fbma.ae/en/events/events-list/international-conference-of-sports-for-women-2017- icsw/.

53 Gomes A. Empowering women through sports [Internet]. Gulf News; 2018 Aug 10 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://gulfnews.com/sport/uae- sport/empowering-women-through-sports-1.2264261.

54 Sports [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Government.ae; 2018 Nov 11 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.government.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies- initiatives-and-awards/awards/Sports.

55 Rizvi A. Rio 2016: History of Emirati female participation at the Olympic Games [Internet]. The National; 2016 July 31 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/sport/rio-2016-history-of-emirati-female-participation-at-the- olympic-games-1.166001.

56 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Ahmed almaktoum claims UAE's first Olymoic medal [Internet]. International Olympic Committee (IOC); 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/videos/ahmed-almaktoum-claims-uae-s-first-olympic-medal.

57 Kumar A. 2016 Olympics: Toma feels proud on winning medal for UAE [Internet]. Khaleej Times; 2016 Aug 22 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.khaleejtimes.com/2016-olympics-toma-feels-proud-on-winning-medal-for- uae

58 Bridge S. UAE's paralympian team secures sponsorship deal until 2021 [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: ITP Digital Media Inc., Arabian Business; 2018 Aug 8 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.arabianbusiness.com/sport/402474-uae-paralympian- team-secures-sponsorship-deal-until-2021.

59 International Paralympic Committee (IPC). IPC Historical Results Archive [Internet]. International Paralympic Committee (IPC); 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.paralympic.org/sdms4/hira/web?npc=UAE&gender=all&medal=all&sport= all&games=all.

60 McFarlane N. Sheikh Mohammed welcomes home UAE Paralympic athletes [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Motivate Media Group, What’s On Dubai; 2016 Sep 21 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://whatson.ae/dubai/2016/09/sheikh-mohammed- welcomes-home-uae-paralympic-athletes/.

61 Community Engagement [Internet]. Special Olympics World Games Abu Dhabi 2019; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.abudhabi2019.org/beyond-sports/community-engagement.

62 SO United Arab Emirates [Internet]. Special Olympics World Games Abu Dhabi 2019; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.abudhabi2019.org/delegation/so-united-arab-emirates#.

63 Lau E. Watch: UAE coach Houriya Al Taheri on raising the profile of women's football in the Gulf region [Internet]. The National; 2019 Jun 9 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/watch-uae-coach-houriya-al- taheri-on-raising-the-profile-of-women-s-football-in-the-gulf-region-1.872234.

64 Andrews F. Watch: UAE figure skater Zahra Lari on changing history on the ice [Internet]. The National; 2019 May 15 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/watch-uae-figure-skater-zahra-lari-on-changing- history-on-the-ice-1.861837.

65 FBMA development program. United Arab Emirates: Ladies Sports Academy; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://fbma.ae/en/programs/fbma- development-program/.

66 Al Nowais S. Emirati women make great strides in sports participation [Internet]. The National; 2017 Nov 6 [cited 2019 Jun 20. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/emirati-women-make-great-strides-in-sports- participation-1.673540.

67 FBMA group fitness certification [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ladies Sports Academy; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.fbma.ae/education/certified-programs/fbma-group-fitness-certification/.

68 Dajani H. Rugby too 'rough' and girls should instead study cooking, says UAE council member [Internet]. The National; 2018 Nov 20 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/education/rugby-too-rough-and-girls- should-instead-study-cooking-says-uae-council-member-1.793919.

1. @_dawrena [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Instagram; 2018 Dec 17 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.instagram.com/p/BrejAUwn0rF/?igshid=1lbvl1uwbqv7wa.

70 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Olympic Agenda 2020 [Internet]. International Olympic Committee; 2014 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://stillmed.olympic.org/ Documents/Olympic_Agenda_2020/Olympic_Agenda_2020-20-20_Recommendations-ENG.pdf.

71 Lauper C. Cyndi Lauper - Girls just want to have fun (Official Video) [Internet]. YouTube; 2009 Oct 25 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIb6AZdTr-A.